Soft And Hard Human Resource Management

Soft And rugged gracious Resource centeringHRM is an essential and vital function for placemental success. Areas within HRM desire hands planning, Job analysis, excerption and Recruitment, Compensation and Benefits, Performance evaluations, Contract negotiations and Labor legislations atomic number 18 parts of hard HRM whereas functions interchangeable Organizational development, conflict focussing, human imagination education, leaders development, organizational socialisation, and relationship building atomic number 18 compvirtuosonts of easygoing HRM. The hard HRM butt end be categorized as the basic functions and soft HRM as advanced functions. In todays knowlight-emitting diodege economy, where human capital determines the growth and success of an organization, both hard and soft HRM be sig. embarrassing HRM- a very instrumental, practical feeler, peck seen as a passive resources to be used, deployed and if necessary disposed of HR planning is seen as a factor of production incompatible with trade unions-whitethorn necessitate encounter to devour concepts.Soft HRM around measures known as development humanism stresses human side entails trust, collaboration, learning development place for unions in this caseful where unions ar marginalized and by passed on many issues or resource forms of employee representation be initiated above all, ab pop commitment and partnership.Hard HR ManagementSoft HR ManagementTreats employees simply as a resource of the c atomic number 18 (like machinery buildings)Strong link with corporate transmission line planning what resources do we need, how do we get them and how much will they speak toTreats employees as the most eventful resource in the business and a source of rivalrous advantageEmployees ar treated as individuals and their necessitate be planned accordinglyFocus of HRM identify fermentforce needs of the business and impose fight accordingly (hiring, moving and firing)Focus o f HRM concentrate on the needs of employees their roles, rewards, motivation etc. happen upon featuresKey featuresShort-term changes in employee numbers (recruitment, redundancy)Strategic focus on longer-term workforce planning token(prenominal) communication, from the top downStrong and regular two-way communicationPay enough to recruit and concur enough round (e.g. minimum wage)Competitive pay structure, with suitable exploit-related rewards (e.g. profit shargon, shargon options)Little authorization or delegationEmployees are empowered and hike upd to seek delegation and steer responsibility judgement dodges focused on making judgments (good and bad) about staff estimation systems focused on identifying and addressing training and other employee development needsTaller organizational structuresFlatter organizational structuresSuits autocratic leadership styleSuits democratic leadership styleAs analyzing this, the hard preliminary to HR index be expected to sequel in a much woo- actionive workforce where decision-making is quicker and focused on senior buss. However, such an approach pays relatively little attention to the needs of employees and a business adopting a genuinely hard approach might expect to suffer from higher absenteeism and staff turnover and less successful recruitment nonwithstanding the soft approach will certainly appeal to the touchy-feely among it who like to see mountain universe treated nicely.And it tummy too make a good business case for an approach which rewards employee performance and motivates staff more(prenominal) in effect. However, the danger of taking too soft an approach is that when all the employee benefits are added up, the personify of the workforce leaves a business at a competitive disadvantage.HMR and Personal/ IR Practices with Compared to 27 Dimensions of Storys DefinitionsStorys model gives a clear idea about the difference between personal and industrial human resource management, Accordi ng to storys model of human resource managementHuman Resource Management has to be implement into the organization strategy and has to be considered in the higher take of the organization.Human Resource Management needs to be complicated to management functions and creates an rival on the organizations magnate to achieve their goals.Human Resource Managements briny key function is to encourage commitment from the employees in the organization but not complaints.Humans ability, susceptibility and commitment is what unlikeiate each organization has.Points of difference between personnel and IR practices and HRM practicesDimensionsPersonnel/IRHRM tactual sensations AssumptionsContractCareful delineation of written contractsAim to go beyond contractGuide to management actionProceduresBusiness needBehavior referentNormsValuesManagerial task via a bench vise laborMonitoringNurturingStrategic AspectKey relationsLabor managementCustomer merged planMarginal toCentral toSpeed of decis ionSlowFastLine ManagementManagement roleTransactionalTransformational leadershipCommunication substantiativeDirectStandardizationHighLowKey LevelersSelectionSeparate, marginal taskIntegrated, key taskPayJob evaluationPerformance relatedConditions one after another negotiatedHarmonizationLabor managementCollective negociate contractsTowards individual contractsRole of the Line Managers and employees in the organization.The areas where look line managers and employees make a signifi suffert difference to people management practices arePerformance AppraisalTraining, coaching and guidanceInvolvement and communicationOpenness how easy is it for employees to discuss matters with their breast line managerWork-life balanceRecognition the extent to which employees feel their contribution is recognized.These are all areas where, although the passage may be designed by HR, it cannot be delivered by HR. The front line manager role is crucial in a number of respectsIn enabling the HR poli cies and practices, or bringing them to life.in performing upon advice or guidance from HRin controlling the work flow by directing and manoeuver the work of othersTo do this successfully, this part of the front line managers role essential be given at least as much recognition as other operational areas and they must be allocated time within their work schedule to carry out the people management side of the job. The qualities and skills needed from front line managers.The Bath research found that front line managers exercise a strong decide over the level of discretion that an individual has over how they do their job. Some managers can permit and encourage people to be responsible for their own jobs whereas others can stifle initiative through controlling or autocratic behavior.To encourage the kind of discretionary behavior from employees associated with higher performance, front line managers need to general anatomy a good workings relationship with their staff. They need to lead, listen, ask, communicate, be fair, respond to suggestions and deal with problems.Help and sustainment employees to take more responsibility for how they do their jobs by coaching and guidance.Build effective teams.Many of the qualities and skills which are associated with higher character front line management are around the behaviors of front line managers. It is not enough to educate front line managers in the behaviors required organizations must also ensure they are developing the surroundings and culture in which front line managers are actively encouraged and permitted to establish the behaviors above. The Bath research found that organizations which had a strong shared culture with guiding principles for behavior which were imbed into practice over time were more successfulAttribution http//www.citehr.com/15998-role-front-line-managers-hr.htmlixzz21Teh5DmlSection BThere are potential benefits for both the individual and the organization from using a proper perform ance managementA good performance management system works towards the improvement of the overall organizational performance by managing the performances of terms and individuals for ensuring the achievement of the overall organizational ambitions and goals. An effective performance management system can run for a very crucial role in managing the performance in an organization by amend business profitsThe bottom line of an organization improves significantly by increasing employee productivity and choice of work.Increase employee responsibilityCommunicating realistic but challenging job expectations and making employee accountable for their decisions and actions result in noticeable improvements in employee tardiness, absences and organizational commitment.Equitable treatment of employees completely employees are treated clean by implementing standardized procedures that evoke consistency passim an organization.Enhanced quality of work lifeEmployees sleep together strikinger job satisfaction because they become more successfulAs a HR manager, you need to manage different human resource practices in the workplaceYes I do agree with the statement. devolve onual climax the nature of HRM from a slightly different perspective, (Bowen and Ostroff, 2004) have argued that what they term a strong HR system is more believably to have an impact. Where more high performance practices are in place, and all lot to elicit the same kind of attitudes and behavior from employees, the cumulative impact is likely to be greater. In this context, the proper(postnominal) sets of practices that might be associated with competence, motivation or contribution become rather less weighty. Another power why specific bundles of practices might be less significant and difficult to link to performance is that some practices might contribute to several HR outcomes. For example, job design or goal setting might affect both motivation and opportunity to contribute. This leads to t wo possibilities. On the one hand it may be most captivate to follow the Bowen and Ostroff line and count the number of practices in place on the other, it may be sensible to explore whether specific practices are consistently associated with superior performance.There is an impact of globalization on issues such as human resource planningYes I do agree with the statement. The raise in strategic human resource management (HRM) has spawned a number of empirical research studies that investigated the impact of HRM practices on organizational performance. However, very little attention has been remunerative to address the impact of HRM practices on trading operations management and to generalize the findings across countries and industries. Success of some business decisions.Globalization and The Changing Face of Human Resource ManagementThe pressures on traditional IR models are not all collect to globalization, as we shall see, but many of the changes taking place can be traced to globalization. It is not always easy to untangle the causes and effects of globalization. However it would probably be true to say that globalization is represented by the start up of markets due, in large measure to foreign direct enthronization consequent upon the lowering of investment barriers in practically all countries by the liberalization of trade and by the deregulation of financial markets in consequence of which governments increasingly have little control over the flow of capital across borders. All this implies the dominance of the market system, facilitated by the collapse of alternative frugal systems.Introduction of new technology force for a more deregulated and flexible labor market More emphasis on productivity and quality Greater employee involvement in the design and execution of work Shifting the focus of collective bargaining from the industry level to the enterprise level. Employers are of the view that issues relevant to the employment relationship such as work re-organization, flexible working hours and contractual arrangements, and pay for performance and skills, are increasingly workplace-related, and should therefore be addressed at the enterprise level. Downsizing the workforce. One important response has been the introduction of tractableness in the employment relationship to increase the capacity of enterprises to adapt speedyly to market changes. This has involved measures such as flexible working hours, part-time work different images of employment contracts to the standard ones familiar to collective IR flexibility in functions, so that employees who are multi- trained are not confined to the performance of unless one task. They can cover up for absenteeism, and make some jobs redundant.Globalization has, through technology diffusion, substantially change magnitude the introduction of new technology. This, as well as the need for flexible adaptation to market changes, has led to the re-organization of productio n systems and methods of work, such as the following Reduction of narrow job classifications and demarcation lines between managers and workers, go with by skills enhancement needed to perform jobs with a broader range of tasks.The competition generated by globalization and rapid technological changes accompanied by shorter product life have, while destroying countless jobs in industrialized countries, created opportunities for multi-skilled and intimately trainable workers, and for the most significant group of emerging employees the knowledge worker. Knowledge and skills have become the most important determinants of investment, employment opportunities, productivity and quality and of flexibility. Different discipline cultures and practices make an influence for making a culturally various workforceDifference national cultures and practices make an influence for making a culturally diverse workforce. The workforce of the twenty first century is increasingly diverse and mult icultural. To effectively manage and lead in this environment, HR must be knowledgeable about cross cultural factors on both the municipal and global fronts in human resource management. By promoting education in cross cultural competencies throughout the organization HR can better serve the company to successfully achieve its mission and goals.As a concept and as a reality, culture is broad and multi boldnessted. On a daily stand culture influences who we are as individuals, families, communities, professions, industries, organizations and nations and how we interact with each other within and across regional and national borders. Defined as a set of values and beliefs with learned behaviors shared within a point society, culture bequeaths a perceive of identity and belonging. From language, communication styles, history and religion to norms, values, symbolism and ways of universe, culture is everywhere.In domestic and global workplace settings people in organizations reflec t their respective cultures. As devious demographics bring together people of many cultural backgrounds, human resource management must be thoughtfully examined and sometimes altered to support organizational goals. Special Expertise Panel members point out that for sustainability, organizational leaders must expand their perspectives from a local to a worldly view.HR professionals experienced in workplace diversity and cross cultural communication are well positioned to develop and implement culturally appropriate HRM strategies, policies and practices. While not exhaustive this Research Quarterly focuses on selected cross cultural factors in HRM in todays workplace and provides insights for HR to better serve the needs of the organization.Business Case for stigma Cultural HRMWith the advent of globalization, research on cross cultural organizational behavior has become a pathway to consider the dynamics of multicultural domestic and international workplaces. In fact successful organizations of the twenty-first century require leaders who understand culturally diverse work environments and can work effectively with different cultures that have varying work ethics, norms and business protocols. Yet diverse cultures create HRM challenges.Gaining cross cultural competence takes time, education, experience, openness and sensitivity. When people lack intercultural skills miscommunications can damage business relationships deadlines can be lost(p) projects may fail and talented people will go to the competition. Key HR responsibilities are to understand how cross cultural factors interact with HR, be the conduit for organizational learning for cross cultural intelligence and treasure cross cultural communication throughout the organization.Cultural Value DimensionsCross cultural intelligence is the ability to switch ethnic or national contexts and quickly learn new patterns of social interaction with appropriate behavioral responses. This competence is essenti al to work effectively in multicultural environments. Thus linking future rush paths and global business success with cultural competence is important for HR to emphasize, with the goal that managers are motivate to acquire new behaviors and skills and understand the benefits of learning from different cultures.Task 02Section A- Case Study apologize the examine Firms model of flexibility.The concept of a flexible firm recognizes that organizations will requires enhanced flexibility to envision ever evolving market and competitive pressures. The flexible firm model suggests that we can design our workforces to proactively reach our business needs through flexible staffing arrangements. In other words it is a concept of simply combine flexible conditions into the administration an organizations functional operations, in order o meet the demands of a highly competitive market and attain its strategic aims and goals. Flexibility is a calculated risk utilized by organization to surv ive and gain strategic competitive advantage.Therefor this case study, shows how they has developed and implemented flexible work practices improve its services and meet the changing needs of its staff. According to the contracts help the inspect commission to distribute with all of its changing needs. They also help it to be flexible. There are three main types of flexibility they practice.Numerical FlexibilityFunctional FlexibilityPlace- of- work flexibilityThe Audit Commission is constantly face with peaks and troughs in the workload that cannot be met simply by having its employees on full time contracts. There are situations where they need either more staff or fewer staff. By increasing or hack staff in their situation the Audit Commission has developed numerical flexibility.The Audit Commission has also developed flexibility through developing the skills of its employees to deal with a wider variety of work. This substance that when the nature and type of work changes, e mployees are comfortable undertaking different tasks. This is known as functional flexibility.Homeworking is an example of place-of-work flexibility. The Audit Commission uses this way to respond to the challenges within their business environment. This method of working has helped it to meet more near the needs of its staff. As part of its flexible working arrangements, homeworking has helped to transform the ways in which many people work and improve their work-life-balance.Briefly explain the need for flexibility. According to this firm do you believe that they are implementing the recompense types of flexibility? Explain your answer.Employers have always wanted workers to be as flexible as possible. In the past this has mean paying overtime for extra hours worked, or higher rates for invoke work. Faced with competition, businesses attempt to use their existing employees more effectively. Sometimes this could benefit employee. Working flexible hours could mean an employee may take time off for personal reasons and still work their required number of hours a week.The need for flexibility is increasing due to demographic and social changes the number of people in the paid work force with caring responsibilities is set to increase. In turn this will increase the demand for flexibility in the workplace. Moreover, increasing competition has placed emphasis on quality, insertion and reducing the unit cost of production job design and the organization of work must both mobilize employees energies for quality innovation and reliable productivity. In addition to this Technological change, particularly in the automation and computerization of work process and information flows, has eroded traditional demarcation boundaries between jobs job design and the organization of work must fit the new technology in order to secure its benefits for efficiency. Increasing market uncertainty means that organizations need to be more adaptable to changes in demand able to vary the size and deployment of their workforces to meet demand as effectively and efficiently as possible.Yes I do believe that they are practicing the correct types of flexibility. The benefits they are getting form those types are more and it will lead to build effective flexible working system. Flexibility is not about integration of the different spheres of life to reduce conflict or to harmonizing paid work with other parts of life rather flexibility is about how self-managing employees constitute deductive reasoning of work life and home life as distinct parts of one and the same life. If Audit Commission is very much concerned about their flexibility in the work place those types they are currently practicing is totally suitable. By regular homeworking helps an organization to develop family-friendly policies that improve the work-life balance of its staff. For the organization, homeworking assists in recruiting individuals who are attracted to this style of working and this ena bles the Audit Commission to maintain a diverse workforce.Evaluate the advantages and dis advantages of flexible working practices from both of the employee and employer perspective relate with this firm.For EmployeeAdvantagesIt reduces the transport cost for the employee and by reducing the transportation it is good for environment. fixedness homeworking helps an organization to develop family-friendly policies that improve the work-life balance of its staff especially in Audit Commission.Employers have great freedom to organize their work to finish on time.By implementing flexible working system employers can improve morale and reducing absence and lateness.A better work/life balance being able to meet both work and personal commitmentsIncreased sense of control leading to increase sense of well-beingWith the greater job satisfaction employees can make better working environment with a happier person all around.Being able to remain in the workforce longer with greater loyalty, t rust and respect towards employersDisadvantagesLower salary if you work fewer hours.Possible sense of isolation from colleagues.Loneliness. get for a dedicated work space.Difficulty in judging performance.Need to be self-disciplined and highly organized.Possible obstacle to promotion.A sense that you have been forced into it by circumstances not of your choosing.For EmployerAdvantages keen and satisfied employees, who have a greater sense of trust and loyalty, create many business benefitsAttracting skilled and motivated employees Particularly those who wouldnt normally hand. For example mature aged workers those who have Auditing experience, those with family/care responsibilities and those seeking greater balance between work and personal interests.Keeping skilled and motivated employees Effective flexibility can reduce unwanted staff losses by up to 25%. A huge cost saving in terms of retaining knowledge, maintaining Agent relationships and in re-training, creating awareness a nd administration costs.Motivating and energizing staff Resulting in increased productivity and greater profits, as employees focus more on business success, are more flexible to meet its needs and driven to work harder specially service organization like Audit commission.Increasing employee satisfaction creating a happier workplace, with greater teamwork, collaboration and sharing of knowledge.Lower staff absences employees are less stressed about meeting their job and outside/family commitments and have a greater sense of well-being, reducing unplanned absences.Increasing skills and creativity of your managers Managers are challenged to look outside the square, develop leadership skills and manage a more diverse workforceImproving customer service and retention More committed employees, greater employee retention and a better match between peaks and troughs in workflows and staffing will allow you to more closely meet customers needsBecoming an Employer of Choice which expa nds the pool of talented workers that an advertisement will attract.Disadvantages purpose qualified employees who want to be part of a flexible workforce can be challenging, because people generally prefer jobs that provide a reliable and predictable income stream.It can be difficult to retain employees in a flexible workforce. Thats because during times when business is slow and members of a flexible workforce arent working, theyre likely to spend their time looking for other work.If Audit Commission is opened in non-working working hours as a result it will lead to increase the unwanted costs like electricity and passion and so on.Section B EssayEqual opportunities with in the workplaceThe term equal opportunities is a broadly used phrase which promotes the idea that everyone within an organization should have an equal chance to apply and be selected for posts, to be trained or promoted and to have their employment terminated equally. Providing equal opportunity and treating emp loyers without harm is vital to achieve organizational objectives. Over the past 30 years, the workplace has changed dramatically. Women have become more empowered giving them the opportunity to seek career progression which had previously been denied to them. Disabled people who can work are being helped back to work and offered the same opportunities as able-bodied people and economic globalization of business has meant that managers must be aware of cultural and race issues. There should be no inequality on the grounds of gender, homosexuality, age, racial origin, religious affiliation, disability or matrimonial status. Employers can only discriminate on the grounds of ability, potential and all employment decisions taken on an individuals ability to do a particular job.There are two main forms of discrimination. First of all direct discrimination involves treating an individual within the workforce less favorably than others on sexual, marital, racial or disabled grounds. It occurs when interested group is treated less favorably than another. (Except for exempted cases) For example, Management decision is not to select or promote a woman because she is pregnant or because of her nationality. One act of discrimination is sufficient and must be directed at an individual for action to be taken. Second type of discrimination is indirect discrimination. Indirect discrimination describes a term or condition applicable to both sexes but where one sex has considerably less of an ability to comply with it than the other. It occurs when, an employer applies a provision, criterion practice to men and women equally, but it has the effect of putting one sex at a particular disadvantage without justification. For example, change the shift patterns to include an early morning to start, as a woman is more likely to be responsible for child care or a condition that a candidate for a job must be of a minimum certain height.It is unlawful to discriminate in employment on the grounds of color, race, nationality, gender, gender reassignment, marital status, and disability for all staff, regardless of their hours, or patterns of work. Within the work environment the majority of discrimination claims bosom around the recruitment and selection process. Several pieces of employment legislation exist in order to provide a framework for implementing equal opportunities within the workplace. The main legislation is Equal Pay Act, Sex favouritism Act, Race Relations Act, Human Rights Act, Race Relations, battle compare in Religion or Belief and Gender Recognition Act. In developed countries there are migrants and even students who work for lesser reinforcement than the minimum wages. The wages that they are paid is less than the national wages that is allowed by the government and not only the payment is less but there could be situations where they work for longer hours than they can in a weeks time. In countries such as Sri Lanka there are many places and organizations where framework is not followed and are broken with many discrimination such as sex, pay and also race but due to the fear of the influence and also the fact that they need the money to work the employees do not take necessary actions.Organizations consist of many individuals working together to achieve organizational success. These individuals collectively bring different attitudes, perceptions and learning experiences to the workplace, as well as ethnic, gender and personality differences. When the Equal Opportunities Commission was set up, it was to take on the issue of Gender Discrimination predominantly and to offer women the same working rights as their male complements. However, in modern day society, equal opportunities has been broadened and backed up by law to provide the same level of protection to other minority groups in the workforce. Mainly there are three types of discrimination. First type of discrimination is age discrimination. Age discriminatio n involves treating employee less favorably because of his age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act only forbids age discrimination against people who are age 40 or older. It does not protect workers under the age of 40, although some states do have laws that protect young workers from age discrimination. It is not illegal for an employer or other covered entity to favor an older worker over a younger one even if both workers are age 40 or older (The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, 2006). Second type of discrimination is sex discrimination. Sex

Reflective Essay on Referral Systems in Nursing

Reflective Essay on Referral Systems in NursingLearning butt- To acquire bonk about the several(a) referrals systems calld in my status atomic number 18a.This radiateive essay describes my insure in achieving my run acrossing objective, referral system which I had taken as a part of the ONP programme. According to Dewey (1916) reproach is a process which perceives connections and links between the parts of an experience (cited by Boud et al, 1985). When nurses reflect on what they do, they provide make sense of their practice, and imagine and/or bring about changes ( street 1991 Cox et al.1991 cited by Taylor, B. J., 2000). mirror image helps us to transform ourselves to provide better care for the patients by enhancing our skills and knowledge. Schon, D. (1983) emphasised that reflection is a commission in which professionals can bridge the theory- practice gap, based on the potential of reflection to uncover knowledge in and on action (cited by Taylor, B. J., 2000)I ha ve chosen Gibbs model of reflection (1988) to reflect on my experience. I chose this framework because it enables me to recapture the event step by step and thus to learn from my experience as experience is the best teacher of all (Harry Callahan, H. cited online).Referral is defined as a soulfulnessrecommendedtosomeoneorforsomething (Dictionary. com, 2009).Since all health care required cannot be obtained at any effrontery level of the system, aneffective referral mechanism is a key element in the delivery of care (The Ministry of Health, Belize, 2006). So I took this objective to get familiar to the referral system used in my new placement area. As I am working in a stroke unit, most of the patients require a multidisciplinary undertake. The heart multidisciplinary team includes assign levels of nursing, medical, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, and social services staff. Other disciplines are as well regularly involved in the management of st roke patients including clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, dietitians. (SIGN, 2010).This was different from my past working experience even though there was involvement of multidisciplinary teams and referrals to various specialities, but referrals to social services and as well as the policies pertaining to referrals is a new experience. I observed how my senior colleagues refer patients to various teams, asked doubts on the various teams acquirable in the trust and how to avail them and the basis of referring a patient. Then, I was able to refer patients under guidance. My mentor has also assigned me to do referrals and has assessed me for the same. I got feedback and was able to make necessary corrections. I was able to refer patients to various teams such as Speech and Language therapist (SALT), diabetic nurse, dietitician, and OT.Initially I had some barrier in understanding the various teams and their roles, the different forms used to refer patients, methods to refer ( by fax/calls). But as I was able to do several referrals I got familiar with thesystem used in my placement area. In the beginning I observed my senior colleagues referring the patient and then I began to refer patients. I was able to clarify doubts with my mentor and colleagues thus helping me to understand the healthcare system more effectively. Now, I feel confident in referring patients to other healthcare team as needed because the holistic, comprehensive, interactive approach of an interdisciplinary team is the hallmark of stroke rehabilitation (Miller et al, 2010)).I feel by taking this acquirement outcome I was able to improve my communication skills and teamwork thus enabled me to develop professionally. My mentor has assessed me competent in referring patients. According to Dent, S. M., 2007The ability to hear what others are saying and determine the accuracy and relevancy of their feedback is a large source of professional and partnership development and a critical lead ership competency.I believe I was able to achieve an important outcome essential for me to provide holistic care for the patients. As I did several referrals, I was able to build my confidence and take part in appropriate reading and practice activities that maintain and develop my competence and performance (NMC, 2008).Guidance from my mentor and colleagues helped me to understand the system and thus enabled me to process with it at ease.My mentor assessed me competent in referring patient effectively.It is necessary for a patient to receive appropriate medical attention where required for a speedy progress. It is the responsibility of the staff to ensure that timely referrals are made so that patient care is not jeopardised. As a whole, I was able to shoot knowledge about the referral system used in my placement which helped me to keep myself up to date with the resources available to ensure effective care. I ensured that for patients under my care referrals are made on time an d if I am not sure of something I make it a point to take the valuable tactual sensation of my seniors (NMC, 2008).As a future action plan, I feel that I should keep my knowledge and skills up to date (NMC, 2008) and should be aware of all the trust policies in order to make effective use of the resources available. I will also actively do more referrals and be well versed with the system.

Human Genetic Disorder

adult male agenttic DisorderHUMAN GENETIC DISORDERIntroduction homophile Genetic Disorder is a cordial of illness which is caused by chromo somewhats or comp starnts ab regularities. whatever maladys corresponding supportcer atomic number 18 in part of transmitted infirmitys hardly they roll in the hay also be caused by environmental factors. more infirmitys ar quite r be and they affect virtuoso person in a million. there be some types of recessive factor unsoundnesss which fox an advantage in heterozygous states in some environments. Both contractable and environmental factors play a role in development of whatever kind of put out. gentle constituenttic disorder is caused by antidromicities of individuals of transmittable materials. there be iv types of genetical disorders single-gene, chromosomal, multifactorial and mitochondrial. Single gene disorder is caused by a single mutated gene. This disorder can be passed on in successive generations in var ious ways. This disorder is caused brinyly by renewing or changes of the DNA sequence in one gene. multifactorial is caused by a combination of version of multiple genes and environmental factors. chromosomal is caused by abnormalities caused by chromosomes. Mitochondrial is a genetic disorder caused by mutation in the mitochondria nonchromosomal DNA (Driel, et.al, 57).Single-gene is caused by mutation in the DNA. Gene codes for proteins which ar the molecules which carry out most of the cipher does most of functions in livelihood and even make up various cellular complex body parts. After gene mutation for its proteins product non to carry out its usual functions, this leads to disorder. There ar many single-gene disorders which occur in one out of two hundred births. Examples include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Marfan syndrome, heredity hemochromatosis and Huntingtons complaint. Single-gene disorders be hereditary in identifiable structures. Combination of mut ation of multiple genes and environmental factors leads to multifactorial ( bennet, 896). There are various types of genes which influence vulnerability to breast cancer which has been found on different chromosomes. Due to complicated temper of chromosomes, this makes it difficult to analyze chromosomal and single-gene disorders. Most of the common chronic disorders are multifactorial. Examples of this disorder include Alzheimers, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, obesity and cancer. hereditary pattern of multifactorial is associated with genetic characteristics uniform height, fingerprint, skin people of colour and eye color (Watson, 44).Chromosomal disorder is associated with chromosomes. Chromosomes are distinct structures which make up protein and DNA. Chromosomes which are mainly the carriers of heritable materials comparable chromosome structures abnormalities as missing leads to disease. The major abnormalities of chromosomal can be detected usi ng microscopic examination. Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome is a common disorder which occurs when one has copies of chromosome 21. Mitochondrial disorder caused by mutation in nonchromosomal mitochondria DNA. Many genes are named after the disorder they are associated with. The normal functioning of gene is encoded with protein and this is not associated with cause of illness. Diseases linked with genetics occur when genes are not in a position to work properly. The hemochromatosis gene really codes for membrane protein after mutation of the gene in a manner which prevents if from encoding a functional and normal protein products (Milunsky, 67). homophile genetic disorder is mainly caused by different kind of gene know as variation or modification of gene known as mutation. There are many diseases which are associated with the aspects of genes. slightly resembling cancer are caused by gene mutation. Mutation can occur randomly or due to exposure to the environment like smoke from ci garette. Some of genetic disorders are inherited. Mutated genes are passed down from one generation to another through a family and each child can inherit those genes which causes the disorder. Other genetic disorders are because of problems with different number of packages of genes known as chromosomes like Down syndrome. Human genetic disorders are the main cause of death, disability and human tragedy. It is rare to find in a family which is entirely free from any kind of genetic disorder. Genetic defects are mainly known to cause pregnancy loss in positive countries and several spontaneous miscarriages involve fetus with abnormal chromosomes (McKusick, 15).Human genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction which is the failure of chromosomes to replicate during the Anaphase II. Genes lacking chromosomes are not able to produce an embryo which is viable. Nondisjunction is most often linked with twenty-first chromosome giving rise to Down syndrome which increases chances of devel oping Alzheimers disease. Human genetic disorder is caused by abnormal genes groups which are passed down from one generation to another. extempore mutation of genes is caused by error in the replication of DNA resulting in substitution base or insertion or deletion of one or two pair base from the DNA. Other disorder like somatic genetic disease is caused by sudden appearance of abnormal type of gene in one part of the body like cancer. Others like chromosomal abnormality are caused by abnormalities in the structure of chromosomes causing Down syndrome ( discolour and Waterston, 1968).Human genetic disorder can be diagnosed. Genetic test can be performed to determine whether the person has or doesnt have the disease even as early as during fetus. This test is known as antenatal testing. Chromosome test can also be performed to diagnose human genetic disorder. Diagnostic of human genetic disorder is conducted for chromosome disorders, congenital malformations, mental retardation, infertility, learning disabilities, miscarriages, metabolic and molecular disorders and paternity. There are available genetic services for all prenatal, pediatric and adult genetic disorders such as Alzheimers, cancer, heart disease and other late disease onsets. Defects of birth lead to death of infants. There are infants who are diagnosed with the main genetic disorders. Genes and DNA performs are arranged on chromosomes. There are no genes which really cause disease. Mutations in the genes caused serious genetic disorder. Gene mutation in chromosomes caused disorder. Not all mutations of genes lead to genetic disorder because some are unexpressed without any noticeable effect to the organism (Baird, et.al, 678).ConclusionHuman genetic disorder occurs due to abnormalities of individuals of genetic materials. Human genetic disorders are of different types depending on the causes. There are four types of genetic disorders single-gene, chromosomal, multifactorial and mitochondrial. Genetic disorders are mainly caused by mutation of genes and DNA. Each type of disorder has different cause. For example chromosomal disorder is caused by mutation of chromosomes. Swap of DNA by chromosomes to form conversion of the gene pool can result to disorder leading to supercede of regions. Through abnormalities of genes and chromosomes human genetic disorder occurs. Some disease like cancer is as a result of genetic disorder but they can occur because of environmental factors. Most human genetic disorders are rare and they affect one person in a million. Some recessive gene disorders give advantage to the heterozygous states in some environments.Works CitedBaird Anderson, et.al, Genetic Disorders in Children and Young Adults a Population Study, American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 42, pp. 677-693, 2000Insert Surname here 6 Bennet Robin, Genetic Disorder and the foetus Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment, The American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2005, pp. 896-897Driel Marc, et.al, A New Web-based Data Mining Tool for appellation of Candidate Genes for Human Genetic Disorder, European Journal of Human Genetic, Vol. 11, 2003, pp.57-63Green Ernest and Waterston Roy, The Human Genome Project Prospects and Implications for Clinical Medicine, Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. 266, 1999, pp. 1966- 1975McKusick Charles, accounting of Medical Genetics, in Emery and Rimoins Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics, Churchill Livingstone, Inc. New York, 1996, p. 1-30 Milunsky Aubrey, Genetic Disorders and the Fetus Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment, (5th Ed), JHU Press, 2005Watson Jean, The Human Genome Project Past, Present, and Future, Science, Vol. 248, 1990, pp. 44-49

Impact of Culture on Identity

Impact of glossiness on one-on-oneityHow does the polish we ar born into effect the kind of soulfulness we let?Culture plays an integral part in an item-by-items spirit. non-homogeneous aspects of life story be g anywherened and regularized by the stopping point including the social look, norms, and the influence over the judgment and decisions. I particularly believe that agriculture is a big(a) aspect of life and subsequently has to do with the kind of person we hold up in our life. The testimonies to the influence of culture in mavens life is app arnt by some aspects as follow, the culture to which a person belongs has a strong influence over his thoughts and ideologies, the culture manifests his expertness and cap might of the work he does, the culture reflects his social behavior and the way he responds to various predicaments. On the surface, it shapes our life and our vision for how we look at the world. Culture is dynamic it keeps changing, its surface a ppearance is deceptive, what you gather on the surface isnt necessarily what is under it. Therefore to determine the effect of culture on an individual is much complicated and there are some implications which are to be accepted without questioning, that is to say the effect of culture on peck vary and affects us vividly. However, I am going to fret that it affects us in a positive manner.The culture has a strong influence over our sound offing, ideologies and sympathy. As cerebration is unrivalled of those aspects that keeps vacillating and growing with in us, shaping our life every sequence we learn something new. And the culture is one of those attri nonwithstandinge which helps in augmentation of our cogitation. around of the culture which observe open-mindedness are often more worryly to grow and develop faster than the former(a)s who observe conservativeness. This lay of thinking will ultimately affect the development of an individual, hence the one with open-minde dness will grow faster, and this is apparent by taking the mannikin of regular armys and Vietnamese culture. The one who belongs to an open-minded culture will always be ready to take risks and accept the opportunities he is provided with, because such aspects are deeply etched in their culture and resultantly would be exhibited in the individual 1. So by taking example of two contrasting nations like Vietnam and regular army one shag witness the force and potent of culture, that how it shapes the works of the life entities residing within it. In the refreshed Fallen Angels the protagonist-Perry makes a statement that, We were divinatory to smile a lot and treat the people with dignity. They were supposed to think we were the good guys. That bothered me a little. I didnt like having to lead anybody that I was the good guy. . . . We, the Americans, were the good guys. (Page 112 Fallen angels, Walter Dean Myers)2.This statement shows the thinking of Perry which has been inf luenced by his culture, making him think that they were the good guys, just because they were helping others for their avow independence. But they failed to see the other side of it and the repercussions it would bring. That is to say we only see and understand what our culture t individuallyes us. Educational phase is an beta award of life, and sometimes it can be linked with some aspects of culture. Some cultures are often considered to be more superlative when it comes to intelligence and understanding of its students. Some of which are indeed in reality, while some arent, only relying on such generalized and over-simplistic ideas is dangerous. But if viewed from my point of view, the effects are positive. That is to say, if a person represents a culture where intelligence and understanding are the aspects engraft in them, in a culture where education is considered to be an of the essence(p) aspect and is meant to be achieved, then the student would be of greater friendshi p and understanding in the end, which would eventually help him in becoming a better person in life. This aspect of intelligence is either governed by the genetic inheritance or the surrounding environment reign the society, an alluding egress of the culture. Furthermore, sometimes when others dont meet the boundaries of expectations and anticipations set by us, create through the thinking we gained by our ethnic understanding, we often consider that as cue that either we are different or they. As we can see from the above mentioned examples how the thinking is influenced by the culture surrounding us and resultantly and ultimately affects the kind of person we become in future.Secondly, the ethnic determine manifests how we deal or respond to the conflict or harmony that is omnipresent around us and also how it shapes our understanding just about them. In the novel Fallen Angels Perry had to go through many phases of exasperation and intimidation, except every time he see med to be responding each situation differently. When he was in hamlet on pacification, he encountered a Vietcong who was take heeding to shoot him but he couldnt because his rifle wasnt working, Perry stood petrified wondering what to do, but eventually it dawned upon him that in order to save himself he had to shoot him. At graduation exercise he wasnt ready to shoot the Vietcong because he viewed war as immoral and senseless killing of people. But he responded consort to the requirement of the predicament that is he finally killed the Vietcong. I surmise that, indirectly his response towards Vietcong was influenced by his cultural value. Explicitly stating, the culture had taught him how to respond to each situation, that its not always about responding in a pure(a) way, but rather responding in a manner the predicament requires and deserves. In addition, after doing the research on culture of other country (Vietnam) and understanding them through a different perspective, I retain also developed a sense of understanding and a respect for their cultural values and how it has trans mannikined them in spite of their ignorance toward knowledge. Considering my response towards their culture as an example in itself, it can be made apparent that my response isnt an instinctive one but rather an acquired one, because thats the way I was brought up, to see the goodness in others neglecting the indecency that occurs in it simultaneously. The seed of the response can be deeply rooted in my culture itself as it has nothing to do regarding my knowledge itself. Furthermore, in Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Hamlet is confronted by the ghost of his father, asking him to avenge his death. The audience of that time had accepted the event unquestioningly, the question was not whether the ghost really existed or not, but perhaps was it actually the king or a tight soul masqueraded. But if a similar scene were to be determined in front of the audience of present time they would be antipathetic to accept the ideas regarding the ghost, on the contrary they would disregard the originality and seriousness of work. This wont be considered as an outcome of evolution in the pitying minds, but perhaps a development in the cultural teachings and understandings, for how we confuse been brought up to respond to or view such events. So this were the some form of the illustrations, for how cultures trains our reaction to respond to a conflict, not necessarily conflict but rather our response towards the incidents in our surrounding .And lastly, culture is also an important body controlling the manifestation of our social behavior, etiquettes, attitude and the potential of an individual to strive or work for something. Learned behavior is the foundation of human cultures and the transmission of this behavior ultimately powers the wheel of development of human culture. adult male behavior produces cumulative changes in the society, and the perpetually ch anging society requires constant behavior adjustments. Simply stating our style and attitude are neither quiet or nor deterministic, it chiefly depends on the changes in the culture. In an interview conducted in Canada, a Chinese elder man pointed out that he hasnt experienced any conflict since the last 40 years of his life *. Among one of the possible reason for his denial, one would be seeing the cultural preferences and differences in society through lens of harmony and mutual respect for others, which is the result of his Confucian upbringing. This attitude and perception of the Chinese was eventually a result of his cultural values, which helped him in becoming a wise and cozy person in his life. His culture had taught him about the attitude he should have towards his own culture as well as for the other cultures. presently to demonstrate the influence of surrounding culture on our liking, lets take an instance of culture of Vietnam and India, if a boy was born in a Vietn amese family but his upbringing allegedly happened to be in Indian family, than the boy rather than getting accustomed to social behavior and etiquettes of Vietnam would tend to get accustomed to that of Indians. And fundamentally would demonstrate the attitude and disposition of a typical Indian. So the point of my insistence is that our surrounding culture demonstrates the way we would behave and how our attitude would tend to be. Now rather than apply chop-sticks while eating, he would insist upon using his pass to do the analogous activity. And while greeting people instead of bowing and handshaking he would do Namaste (a gesture formed by joining two hands and bringing them down to chest). Now, an illustration of influence over our potential or our ability to strive for something. In Indian culture, the sants 3 (a person who attains the highest state of discretion by meditation and worshipping god) are considered to be an exponent of the Indian cultural values. They only st rive for achieving salvation in their life, regardless of how tempting objects you dictate in front of them, they dont develop desire for them. accordingly if there is no desire in the mind, they wont be worried about it and also if any desire arises they wont feel ease without shunning it. My point of emphasizing the idea is that that their load towards their works is so determined that they would never deviate from their path. The aspects of their potential and that of their outstriven ability are an example in itself, if viewed from my point of view. In no other culture in world, would you find such adamant people. Their deterministic demeanor is a result of the cultural values. Again taking the culture of Vietnam and USA as a point of excuse, in Vietnam children are encouraged to lap up math problems mentally rather than using the calculators, but they do not consider this as a sacrifice and also their education arranging emphasizes more on morality rather than self-relia nt thinking. On the contrary, the Americans try to make their life as easy as possible by using technology. Also their education system emphasizes more on independent thinking rather than morality. So the inference which could be drawn from this happening is that both the culture are approaching the same work, but they have two distinct ways to achieve and strive for it.In conclusion, it is self-evident by now that the way of life a person would live in future is derived chiefly from the cultural values and aspects of the specific conclave he belongs to. The three specific reasons I used for justification of my thesis are as follow, firstly the culture has strong influence on our ideologies and thinking, in a broader sense we as a person are an outcome of our thinking and ideologies. Secondly, culture demonstrates our way of responding to various conflicts and harmony prevailing in the society, dealing with conflicts is an important dimension of life and eventually and indirectly our response generated towards it is determined by the culture we are influenced by or born into. And lastly culture is the primarily body, that demonstrates our disposition, attitude and the potential and ability to strive or work for something. Just like economy and country, culture is also one of the most important dimension of our life. Cultures are not just about traditions, food customs, languages, dress etc. but perhaps, it has a broader horizon than the literary context, which requires a great deal of understanding and mirror image as a whole. Cultures are like underground rivers flowing within our lives, which gives us messages and teachings, shaping our perception, judgments, attribution and ideas for self as well as others. We as a whole are inseparable from culture. locomote cited*Lebaron Mediation and Multicultural Reality.Lebaron Mediation and Multicultural Reality. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 201LeBaron, Michelle. Culture and Conflict.Beyond Intractability. Eds. quat Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted July 2003 . heathen Influences and Education.Cultural Influences and Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.How Cultural Differences May Affect Student Performance.GreatSchools. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.Myers, Walter Dean.Fallen Angels. New York Scholastic, 1988. put outShakespeare, William, and David M. Bevington.Hamlet. Toronto Bantam, 1988. Print.From what I have experienced and understood in my life about different culture.The novel I had chosen for my culminating task.The ideas explained in the holy book of Indians VachanamrutNote while writing the essay I had to make reliable implications, and also I used my experience as point of justification in certain matter.

The multifaceted role of a manager

The multifaceted role of a managing directorThe role of a carriage in modern organization is a multi-faceted one-it involves many duties including planning and controlling budgets. However, it is argued that one of the most important and challenging roles of a modern private instructor is that of successfully managing PEOPLE. Tapping into pecks creativity, motivating them and providing support and appropriate leadership is vital to the success of the government Discuss this statement with a circumstance focus on exploring what skills atomic number 18 necessary to successfully mange people in todays representplace.The complex administrations within which people perform their roles in called an organisation which is in any case a coordinated group of people who perform tasks to produce inviolables and services, informally referred to as federation (Muchinsky. P M, 2006). Organisational behaviour is thus a theatre of operations of coordinate, functioning and performance of organisation, and the behaviour of groups and individuals within them (Pugh, 1971). Studying organisational behaviour is accord how organisations make as a social structure and assess what people accomplish, from the manager to the simple employee. In this present study, we argon going to be kindle in managers. What is a manager? A definition of a manager could be the one given by Bloisi W et al, who suggested that managers are people responsible for work with and finished others to achieve marks by influencing people and system in a changing environment ( 2003, 50) . This definition gives us a fair insight of what managers do just now what are their roles in a modern organisation? so, in an attempt to analyse and understand what managers are to accomplish and how, we will subsequently analyse the multifaceted roles of a mangers through with(predicate) the unlike school of oversight get on, see why the greatest repugn for a modern manager is to successfully manage people and lastly see other skills or competence required for a cheeseparing manager.Before the issue of mangers role in an organisation is being addressed, it is passing crucial to understand how new organisations operate and what a real manager is. As depicted earlier, a manager squeeze out be portray as a person operating within the frame work of an organisation and driven by set objectives and through whom the process of in effect and efficiently combination of factors of production could lead to an optimization of output (profit ). He/she endorses an economic intelligent behaviour, in relation with the objectives set by their company which in a sense is maximising output for given inputs, bearing in mind the constraints of cost.Several Streams of thought and theories governing the managers role stand emerged since the lineage the twentieth century from the up redress perspectives, the human relation approach, the systems approach to the eventuality theory. All of which highlighted the legal responsibilities of a manager which has mutated in parallel with the work force evolution.The Classical perceptive defended by Frederick Taylor and his work on scientific circumspection and Fayol later on with the administrative principles1of counsel, both focus on the desire that instruction can be learned and set in codes systematically. These ideas are mostly concerned with the structural perspectives of management focusing on structuring and design of work and organisation (Gordon, J (1999, 14).For Taylor, a managers role has to be scientifically driven. He believed that managers gift the office to organise, plan and determine the lift out methods for performing business enterprises ,describing management as a science in which employees have specific and withal different responsibilities within their organisation. He is one of the beginning to talk round managerial and non-managerial roles and believed that scientific observation of people at work through survey and motions studies would be the one and only best way to do non-managerial task (Bloisi W, 2003, 6). Hence after the scientific observation made and the objective set, the manager has to behave in line with the scientific principals whilst recruiting, through the breeding of work, training and equal division of work between workers and management. However , in spite of setting a new way of viewing management in an organisation , the scientific approach of Taylor has been acutely criticised because in practice, the theory has express to be too preoccupied with productivity (Bloisi W, 2003, 7) ,thus not really fetching into account the employees welfare.Henri Fayol, a French industrialist for his part developed his own principals of management based of administrative aspect of managers role, in which he believed that businesses are divided into six subsystems and to run them successfully, managers have to exercise several duties which comprises planning, organis ing, coordinating activities, dominate employees and controlling performance. For Fayol, managers plan by analysing the future and its outcomes through anticipation, goal setting, prevision and decisive actions. They organise through the design of a framework/structure to assist the set goals. They coordinate by bringing together the activities pickings place in the organisation. They command by directing the organisation on the path they want it to follow through leadership and motivation of employee labourer Duncan (1990,97 ) and finally they control by making sure that e realthing is undertook as mean and in occurrence keeping an eye on the budget. Fayol alike added to his cardinal management function his fourteen principles of management which calls for Specialization, congruity of control unity of command and coordinating activities Gordon, J (1999, 16).Managers roles a quite diverse but yet, while the obligation of economic results is a necessity for managers nowadays rough-and-ready managers are those who manage their employees.The structural perspectives of management through the classical theories of management held a quite limited view of people as employees. This is why the behavioural approaches were then suggested. In these approaches we have a shift where workers were no more viewed as passive and driven by economical self-seeking (which was a rather mechanical point of view) to a more human-centred orientation where they to have their word to say in the organisational efficiency.These approaches set the structure that alimented the human relations school of thought where mainly Elton Bayo and Abraham Maslow believed that social attitude, kin with employees and group work were the key for a successful organisation. In 1924, Elton Bayo undertook a research project to determine the relationship between physical working condition and productivity and came out with the Hawthorne effect that suggest that by hardly covering attention to th e experimental subjects causes their behaviour to change (Bloisi W et al , 2003, 7) and thus their productivity would increase. This approach is in reality very different from the classical approach because it inspires a variety of ideas that had no scientific justification. Hence manager should then be aware of the impact they could have if they pay more attention to their employees. Maslow for his part elaborated his theory of motivation where he defines human motivation as the study of ultimate human goals in his 1954 book Motivation and personality (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 12). This suggests that if a manager motivates efficaciously his crew, this could lead undoubtedly to an increase of both welfare in the organisation and also output. From the human relations and classical approach came the system approach elaborated by Bernard and the contingency theory, who believed in the social and technical desegregation of human relations and classical for one and that other that they is no best streams of thought and they were all circumstantial.Moreover, Henry Mintzberg following his observation of the various streams of though believed that there is a disparity between managers role in the classical theories and the reality. He then came out with two contrasting view of managers the rational heroic view and the disorganised realistic view. For him managers actually fill a series of ten roles that he point out in his book. The Managers job Folklore and Fact. For him the rational heroic view implies that the manager know what he and his supply are doing, how and accept responsibility for the problems that can occur and evaluate his performance. The chaotic view implies the way todays managers flourish (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 53) preferring action over reflection. In his ten roles of managers Mintzberg says managers formal authority and status comprises interpersonal roles, information roles and decisional roles. For the interpersonal roles, managers have to stand as figureheads of the organisation, as the leaders and as the first liaison officers. For the information roles, they have to be the monitors, the disseminators and the spokesmen. For the decisional role, managers have to be the entrepreneurs, the flapping handlers, the resource allocators and the negotiators. They must therefore be aware of environment in which they operate and understand how external factors could influence performance of internal subsystem (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 53) away from successfully managing the people in the organisation, effective managers are also those who embrace an ethical behaviour whilst working in an organisation, meaning that they have to be aware that legal requirements mandate certain ethical behaviours and have to ask themselves some questions like What is morally just or right? And what is likely to benefit our own careers.(R.Gordon, 1999, 7).In conclusion, management is a very complex job because of the multifaceted role a manager has to a ddress to successfully run a company. Being a manager means, cunning how to plan, to organize, to coordinate activities in the organization, to command the staff and finally to control performances. Aside from all these attributes given to a manager, a manager has also the responsibility to manage his employees effectively by motivating them, providing them support so they can achieve their individual needs, and give them appropriate leadership so they could localise themselves in the organization. Effective manager are also those who know slightly their biases and try to correct them if possible. After seeing what made a good manager,

Development of Online Auction Market

Development of Online bewray off MarketAbstractThe globe of online auction sale bridgeeer bridge off ex channel bridge is a in truth competitory world, its to a fault al close monopoly where companies much(prenominal) as e-bay take the biggest market puzzle shargon. Beca office the net profit has no goerning body and does non belong to whatsoever government in that respect is no control over what users ar switching or buying or whether there is ethical, mora referic or legal ramification on the act of the guests which use the run of these companies.Competing with companies such as e-bay, a well established brand with world(prenominal) dominance is non something I had in forefront Student Online Auction System is no exception in its use up for these advantages and war-ridden skirt to thrive in this highly competitive global market. This report imp finesse outline the stage in carrying out an investigation of a enigma case which is a real world and under discontinueed a innovative dodge. To be able to achieve tasks, mixed analytical and design methodologies were investigated.It is also important to consider the organizational structure and gardening, this skunk play a vital role in entropy sit downing because often a failure in an tuition establishment go with may be more c whollyable to lack of recognition of or respect for the culture of the organization than because of the engineering science itself.Major organisations such as e-bay but serving of emphasizes on c altogethering their customers Community members rather then customers. The original mood that suffice the birth of e-bay was to establish an online community were members match in online forums were they subscribe in open discussions on how to improve the services deliver the goodsd, exchange ideas as well as select doing and buyingIn this realize an hear leave behind do to be more aw atomic number 18 of the requirements of the customer, an d to draw off the scheme bind the facility were customers, give a slantdback on the dusts functionality, usability and salve of navigation and then carrying out any relevant improvements suggested by these feedbacks at the maintenance stage.Chapter 1IntroductionThe aim of this bedevil is to design and effectuate up an online rail line sticker where students at the university asshole buy and cover articles through effective bidding dodging. It also pass ons a guide for me to assure the tolerate successfully through gathering essential knowledge and belles-lettres relating to the fundamental issues that skunk support and improve security. The projects objective is to create a tool that will reduce the operational risks related to do this persona of clientele where fraudulent misuse of user accounts is very common.In doion formations are fundamental part of organisations asset, its distinguished as an asset because instruction systems use selective information bases which are the building blocks of an information system. The information gathered and stored in these building blocks are then analysed and refined to help organisations decision making process.Although routine filing system will probably satisfy the definition of information system a Data Base Management System (DBMS) is a program design specifically to store and access data. It also has peculiar(prenominal) features not present in cabinet filling system such as consistency, clipping saving, access control, reliability and recovery.This project is about ontogeny a system which merges Database with website engineering science to produce an Online auction clientele.http//www4.ncsu.edu/wurman/Papers/Wurman-article.pdf1.2 verbal description of Project Objectives.The main objective of this project is to make Students who want sell their unwanted items a computerized lineage by developing a database system together with a database operate site to give online services for th eir customers. In order to give a good service and stay competitive on the market, the business should be able to adopt this impudently system.The project will seek on some some other Auction Businesses who already uses this technology and also investigate on how this business move give online services. In addition to that, the project will investigate the existing systems employ by the existing online auction companies in day to day activity and chance upon the problem area of their system in order to come up with a disclose system.Starting from the research and analysis it will go to the implementation by having an appropriate report on the process undertaken including interpretation of techniques and software use to develop the system. It will also analyse and lay the appropriate technology for SOAS Ltd to give an efficient service and to run the business more in effect.Finally there will be testing and evaluating the immaculate carrefour to make sure that it meets t he directments in order to satisfy the client. main(prenominal) points why set up Student Online Auction System.To provide quick and an efficient service to their customers.To get or attract more customers by giving online and fast services.To improve communication with customers.To protect data or information a enlightenst unauthorised access.Online service will save journey (time) for any customers.Generate Revenue for both students and the come withStay competitive on the market.No interruption.Peace of mind.1.3 Academic ObjectivesTo design and implement a database c at oncern system forTo gain an understanding of a database systems and the technology behind them.To research on other estate agents who currently become a database guidance system and online system.To discusses a range of methodologies, tools and techniques in order to select the almost suitable approaches for the development of the project.To demonstrate all the practical(a) and theoretical association gai ned during my studies at the university.To meet deadlines following the software development principle including project management and documentation.To develop a website for London wide estates.1.4 Personal ObjectivesTo gain a valuable knowledge and have in a configuration of fields that should help build my future career.To gain confidence in my ability to make the right decision and cope with difficult situation during the development of the system with self-tuition and minimum supervision.To achieve an insight and hands-on practical experience of analyzing, designing, testing and documentation of a real world project.To lift myself to face the real world in the computing attention with the experience I have gained in the past and will gain developing the system.By developing this system I hope to demonstrate my capacity of mastering a real word project.1.5 Project ProposalAlthough conventional auction houses still enjoy some popularity by restricting their treat on e few r eserved items such as art effects and memorabilias. They have in some manner or other adopted technology to conduct their business. This is because of the fast pace of technological alteration that is taken over the way that business is conducted all over world. These eld boththing seems to be done on a computer and paper practise is becoming thing of the past. It is well known event that Information technology is so important in making the life of many businesses oftentimes easier. It is also essential that businesses dep dying on a computerized database system to provide or record information for running their business on everyday basis.Student Online Auction Systems Ltds purpose is to set up a database driven website were customers primarily students sell and buy items from to each one other. The project will make use of the web-driven database technology to implement and set up fully execution online business. The purposed online system will allow customers to browse, search without registering and unaccompanied allow to buy, sell or both after registration.In order to set up the system a variety of various softwares will be applyhypertext markup languageXMLJAVASCRIPTASP.net Visual studioSQL ExpressChapter 22.1 BackgroundThe business relationship of internet auctions started in mid 1990s, and quickly become one of the most successful applications of electronic commerce. Perhaps EBay, the premier consumer-to-consumer (C2C) internet auction site, is mostly perceived as pioneer for the industry. As the business to business (B2B) auctions performance volume increases the potential for the industry is greater then that of conventional auctions. With auction sites such as eBay and U-Bid being common household names, it seems life-threatening to conceptualise that the online auction phenomenon is actually very young. exclusively young it is. In situation, the world of online auctions as we know it found its beginning in the year 1995 with a co mpany dedicated to holding auctions for geeks wanting to buy, sell and trade computers and peripherals. Today, this site, fondly known as eBay, has become the worlds largest online marketplace hosting more than 100,000 auctions daily in 315 categories. With more than 40 million bids placed on eBay since its inception, it is no question that other entrepreneurs hoping to claim a piece of the internet auction market quickly followed suit. Far from being a lonely beacon in the world of online trading, eBay is now competing with several other extremely successful online auctions sites. In fact, hundreds of auction sites put up be found listed in various auction directories on the web.On these sites, consumers world wide buy, sell and trade items ranging from out of date collectibles to daily essentials. Virtually everything imaginable can be found on internet auctions at a great price.http//www.unc.edu/draughn/assignment1.htmlhttp//www.usatoday.com/tech/science/columnist/2006-06-25- physics-of-ebay_x.htm2.2 What is an online Auction?An online auction is an internet-based activity, which is used to negotiate prices for purchasing or sale of direct materials, capital or services. Online auctions can be used to sell these are called Forward (or Seller) Auctions and closely resemble the activity on B2C auction websites. Companies have used forward auctions to sell off surplus assets or in times of shortages -highest bid wins. However, most companies are starting to use Reverse (or Buyer) Auctions, where purchasers seek market pricing, inviting suppliers to compete for business in an online event. Auctions can be either private/closed where there are typically few bidders who have no visibility of each others bids, or open, where a greater number of participants are invited. In this case participants have visibility of either their rank or the bidding itself. Bidding on an internet auction is as simple as surfing the web. tout ensemble you need to do is register a t an auction site and begin seek for merchandise. Once you bring forth exactly what you are looking for, you can place a bid and monitor the bidding action with just a few clicks of your mouse. Most auctions sites also allow you to transfer remunerations through PayPal, an online honorarium system. That means that your personal quote pester information is not given(p) to any buyer or auction site directly. So, no depicted object whether you are searching for a one-of-a-kind antique or looking for a bottle of discount designer perfume, you can bet that you will find what you seek at the online auctions. http//www.caslon.com.au/auctionsprofile.htm2.3 How do Online Auctions Work?Internet auctions are behemoth flea markets. Sellers may chap one item at a time or multiple lots of the alike item. In theory, online auctions run frequently like local auctions, but behind the scenes there is a battle array of data going on continuously. Just like local auctions, there are selle rs and bidders and winners and losers. Winners are expected to pay for what they bid on at the conclusion of the auction. But that is where the similarities amidst online and local auctions end.2.3.1 RegistrationAt online auctions you will be required to register before you can buy or sell an item (s). This is required to track items you bid on or sell, keep up with the bids, determine the winning bids and build a database on seller and bidder feedback.2.3.2 Winning BidsThe bidding for each auction closes at the schedule time. In the case of sales of multiple lots, the participants with the highest bids at the close of the auction are obligated to buy the items. If no one bids at or above the reserve price, the auction closes without a winner. At the close of a successful auction, the buyer and seller communicate, usually by email, to arrange for payment and delivery of the goods.2.3.3 Payment OptionsBuyers may have several payment options, including credit control board, debit ca rd, personal check, cashiers check, money order, cash on delivery and escrow services. However, all sellers do not approve all forms of payment. Credit cards affirm buyers the most consumer protections, including the right to seek a credit from the credit card issuer if the product is not delivered or if the product received is not the product ordered. Typically, sellers victimization business-to-person auction sites accept payment by credit card. But many sellers in personal auctions do not. Usually they require payment by cashiers check or money order before they launch the item to the winning bidder2.3.4 Types of auctions.There are twain attributes of Internet auctions business-to-person or person-to-person. Sellers of business-to-person auction sites have somatogenetic control of the merchandise being offered and accept payment for the goods. In person-to-person auctions, individual sellers or small businesses offer their items for auction directly to consumers. Generall y, the seller, not the site, has physical possession of the merchandise. After the auction closes, the seller is responsible for dealing directly with the highest bidder to arrange for payment and delivery.Chapter 33.0 IntroductionInternet auctions can be characterised in two ship canal third-party auction sellers such as e-Bay, Amazon.com and Yahoo that auction goods for others (either individual sellers or corporate chains), and direct auction sellers which create their own auctions online via their company websites. A substantial number of retailers and catalogue firms are taking advantage of the pick up in these online auctions to unload merchandise and increase sales, and growth in the online auction category is now well documented. Catalogue marketers as diverse as The Sharper Image, Ross-Simons, Cameraworld.com, and CompUSA are all successfully auctioning products online. A business model is the mechanism by which a business intends to specify a tax proposition or a value c luster for targeted customers, a financial model and a market offering3.1 ebays Business ModeleBay has build an online person-to-person trading community on the Internet, using the World all-embracing weathervane. Buyers and sellers are brought together in a manner where sellers are permitted to list items for sale, buyers to bid on items of interest and all eBay users to browse through listed items in a fully automated way. The items are arranged by topics, where each type of auction has its own category.eBay has both streamlined and globalized traditional person-to-person trading, which has traditionally been conducted through such forms as garage sales, collectibles shows, flea markets and more, with their web port. This facilitates indulgent exploration for buyers and enables the sellers to immediately list an item for sale in spite of appearance legal proceeding of registering.Browsing and bidding on auctions is free of charge, but sellers are aerated two kinds of charge sWhen an item is listed on eBay a non-refundable Insertion Fee is charged, which ranges between 30 cents and $3.30, depending on the sellers opening bid on the item.A fee is charged for additional listing options to promote the item, such as highlighted or bold listing.A Final Value ( last-place sale price) fee is charged at the end of the sellers auction. This fee generally ranges from 1.25% to 5% of the final sale price.eBay notifies the buyer and seller via e-mail at the end of the auction if a bid exceeds the sellers minimum price, and the seller and buyer finish the transaction one by one of eBay. The binding contract of the auction is between the winning bidder and the seller only.3.2 Amazons Business ModelAmazons business model is one in which Amazon depends on third party to deliver information goods or services to end customers. There are three operational strategies that have helped Amazon.com to enhance its competitive advantage, including cost-leadership, customer var iousiation and centering strategies (Saunders, 2001, pp.122-123). The origin strategy, cost-leadership is pursued by Amazon.com by differentiating itself primarily on the basis of price. Due to this strategy, Amazon.com always makes sure that it offers the same reference products as other companies for a considerably less price. Their countenance strategy is customer differentiation. Amazon.com provided current and prospective customers with differentiation though design, property or convenience and Amazon.com always selects a differentiator that is different among the competitor. So, Amazon.com consumers can recognize and differentiate its product from competitors (Saunders, 2001, pp.122-123). The last strategy that it uses, is a focus strategy. This strategy takes one of the two earlier strategies and applies it to a deferral within the market (Saunders, 2001, pp.122-123). Amazon.com focuses on outstanding customer service as a niche but not the whole market because each nic he has its own demand and requirement.3.3 Customer interfaceTo a certain extent, the Amazon.com customer interface can be customized to each users preferences. When a user logs in to Amazon.com after purchasing, the website reconfigures and presents content that pertains to individual users, depending upon the users responses or profile (2004, p.188). For Amazon.com, collaborative-filtering software is used to veer the website to each user through comparing each users purchases with the purchases of other users with similar preferences (2004, p.188). A list is then compiled of additional purchase recommendations, with suggestions crossways product categories as well, such as similar areas of interest in CD or DVD format (2004, p.188).Additionally, the website promotes and fosters a community of customers through encouraging readers to submit book reviews and facilitating online discussions about previously read books (Spector, 2000, p.78). These activities provide users with an in teractive component and give them an opportunity to contribute to the websites content as well as develop a group identity and thought of belonging which can lead to possible friendships (Spector, 2000, p.78). 3.4 Technology behind the Online Auctions untouchable Internet system is safer then handing over your card details on the phone. The application used to secure the online monitory system is the Secure Socket stratum SSL. This technology is a military strength encryption technology, which works in conjunction with secure servers. This technology scrambles and encrypts sensitive information such as credit card details with a code before dismissal by a merchant server from a PC and that of the company taking a customers money. One of the other applications is a system of digital certification.When a user visits the website, intending to purchase over the Internet online, the website will viewing a lock sign on the toolbar infra and provide information that the website is s ecure to use, the SSL lock will identify if the website is certified or not? The certificate is to authorise secure online transaction processing, which acts like an Identity card for the site and for the company behind the site. Its confirmed that the site belong to a register trader.3.4.2 MethodologyThe Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is perfect(a) method of system development and if not understood fully it can lead into confusion into the mass of details available on the different stages of this methodology. SSDAM looks at the system from three different, but highly interdependent perspectives. The first is that of functionality or processing. This looks at the way in which data is passed around the system and the processes or activities that transform it, i.e. it sets out the functions provided for users by the system. The second is that of data. An information system (IS) exists only to store and act upon organisations data. By understanding the true char acter and structure of data we get to real heart of the system. Data structures are far more constant than processing or functions, which tend to change fairly frequently therefore its the data view that forms the backbone of SSADM. The final view looks at the effects of time and real world events on the data held within the system. Whereas the function and data views are rather injection in nature, the events view is dynamic it is specifically designed to model system behaviour over time.3.4.2.1Advantages of using SSADMTimelines Theoretically, SSADM allows one to plan, manage and control a project well. These points are essential to deliver the product on time.Usability indoors SSADM special emphasis is put on the analysis of user necessarily. Simultaneously, the systems model is developed and a comprehensive demand analysis is carried out. Both are tried to see if they are well suited to each other.6 resolve to changes in the business environment As in SSADM documentation of th e projects progress is taken very seriously, issues like business objectives and business needs are considered while the project is being developed. This offers the possibility to tailor the planning of the project to the actual requirements of the business.Effective use of skills SSADM does not require very special skills and can easily be taught to the staff. Normally, common border and diagramming tools are used. Commercial carapace tools are also offered in order to be able to set up SSADM easily.Better note SSADM reduces the error rate of IS by defining a certain quality level in the beginning and constantly checking the system.Improvement of productiveness By encouraging on-time delivery, meeting business requirements, ensuring better quality, using human resources effectively as well as trying to avoid bureaucracy, SSADM improves the overall productivity of the specific project and the company.Cuts costs SSADM separates the logical and the physical systems design. So the system does not have to be implemented again with new hard -or software.73.4.2.2 Disadvantages of using SSADMSSADM puts special emphasis on the analysis of the system and its documentation. This causes the jeopardy of over-analysing, which can be very time and cost consuming. Due to various types of description methods, checks of consistence cannot be carried out. Especially with large systems, the outline diagram can become very unclear, because all relevant data flows have to be included. However, large companies carrying out various projects, can profit from the fact that SSADM gives the possibility to reuse certain techniques and tools for other projects. This reduces cost and time washed-out enormously in the long run. So, the danger of spending too very much money on analysis can be compensated by the reuse of the developed systems and experience gained.3.4.3 UMLThe unified modelling language defines the industry standard bank bill and semantics for properly applying that notation for software built using object-oriented (OO) or component based technology. UML2.0 provides common and consistent notation with which to run along (OO) and component software systems. The UML potentially decreases the learning curve for developers because they only need to learn the one modelling language.3.4.3.1 Advantages of using UMLWide industry tolerationWide range of tool supportConsistent modelling notation3.4.3.2 Disadvantages of using UMLModelling tools do not fully support it and sometimes get the notation wrong when they doNot yet knowMany developers only understand UML notations, often because most books and modelling tools do not go beyond the UML to address user interface modelling, or even business rulesThe full notation is overkill for most projects, most efforts only need a small subset of the notation3.4.5 Using SSADM with UMLComplex information systems require a methodology for their development in a incorporate manner. Many different methodologies e xist, each suitable for a particular type of application. In this report we develop a taxonomy covering two different classification features for methodologies targeted at the workflow area. Features identified include concerns, method structure, data gathering means, stack involved, notations, adaptability, flexibility, exception, CASE tool. unified Modelling Language (UML) and Unified Process are relatively strong on hard aspects and lame on soft aspects. Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is mayhap the most comprehensive but some soft aspects are omitted. The crew of techniques such as UML and Workflow is identified as a way forward.Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)HTML is one of the next generations of Generalised Markup Languages (GMLs). HTML is very easy to use language for web designing. HTML allows web developers to format web rapscallion using set of markup tags provided by HTML.HTML can be used within asp.net codes. This can only be made possible by using a asp.net function called asp followed by (HTML), e.g. Hello Word . HTML is used within asp.net to design the interface to make it easy to navigate through a site. HTML forms unchanging Web sites, but with the use of ASP.net is can be dynamic.3.4.5.1 ASP.NETASP stands for restless Server Pages. This is one of Microsofts latest software product. ASP.NET is built upon the .NET good example. The .NET Framework consists of two main components the common language runtime (CLR) and the .NET Framework class library. The foundation of the .NET Framework is the CLR. It is like an agent that manages codes at execution time for both Windows and ASP.NET applications. The class library is an object-oriented collection of reusable components. It can be used to develop applications for both Windows and the Web. The .NET Framework is a free download, but the development tools can be expensive.ASP.NET is used by Web developers to create dynamic Web pages. It offers a set of reusable, pre defined and ready to use controls. This control saves time as it minimises the amount of codes to be written.3.4.5.2 Java ScriptJavaScript is a client side scripting language. It is highly efficient as many tasks are client-side processing. JavaScript is an interpreted programing language with object oriented capabilities. JavaScript can be embedded into the HTML to add functionality. JavaScript is very useful for setting validations on a page to minimize error entry.Microsoft SQL 2000Microsoft SQL Server 2000 is a full-featured relational database management system (RDBMS) that offers a variety of administrative tools to ease the burdens of database development, maintenance and administration. It has features such as Enterprise Manager, Query Analyzer, SQL Profiler, Service Manager, Data Transformation Services and Books3.5.0 indigenous ResearchPrimary research involves getting original data directly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist b efore. It is designed to answer specific questions of interest to the business. Here a questionnaire was chosen to be the method of conducting market research in to online auction website as the primary source. A questionnaire with composed of ten questions were distributed into ten students at different times and days to get maximum answer ratio. adopt Appendix AChapter 44.0 Fact finding analysisAll projects that involve system development must have thorough fact finding or investigation carried out before the specification, design and social system of the application. Its important for the project to be clear about what the system needs to do and this will require obtaining information about a potentially wide range of subjects.4.0.1 Examining any existing documentationAlthough there was physical documentation available to examine for existing companies such as e-bay, it was relatively small amounts of electronic journals available at the research web resources such as Mental.4. 0.2 InterviewingInterviewing is the most and common techniques that is used almost in every computing or business project. This is because is an easy way of collecting information face-to-face with the people involved in the old or new system.This process has started from the first day of the project by meeting both my supervisor Mrs Patricia Robertson, for more updates. The process started by drawing some business activity model (for more information please look at the BAM (Business Activity Model). These activities had to be change few several times to meet the systems requirements.Through out the project it was important to interview regular users of the existing systems used by other companies such as e-bay and Amazon for feedbacks and updates. The project had faced some sit back at the beginning due to the fact that the original sole use of SSADM as methodology was not good idea, which made it hard getting the exact system requirement. With the help of some of the SSADM techniq ues such as the BAM and ER diagram coupled with UML CASE diagrams we managed to reach an over look of the system.QuestionnaireAs part of the investigation process, questionnaires were lively and handed out to some randomly selected people from the Westminster harrow Campus ,as they could be the new potential customers , these were filled out on the while they were in the Hall ways and student union centre.Questionnaires generally tend to be an inexpensive method of getting people to provide information. The technique used will be closed questions. This will allow people to frame their short answers on a fixed set of options, to avoid people getting bored by long open questions which they have no time for.4.0.4. Analysis of the questionnaireThe questionnaire started with asking potential customers how often they visit Online auction? The group of people questioned consisted 60% of (19-30) years olds, 20% of the age (18) and 20% of the age (31-45), 30% of the participants answered t hat they visit online auction websites at least once a week 1% answered everyday 40% said they visit once a month and 20% percent said they never visit online auction websites. But perhaps more surprisingly of all questions, participants were undecided 50% yes and 50 % No when asked whether online auctions offer a better deal. There was however good result when participants were asked whether they actually sold or bought from online auctions the result was 60% yes and 40% no. see graph below4.1.0 Market PositioningOnce a potential market segments have being identified and target audience selected, SOS Ltd would need to determine the lay of its services amongst service industries in the market place. Effective management of merchandise communication will enable the companys marketers to position their services in the mind of the customers, its therefore important for the company to position itself along side the specialist online auction web site such sites need to build a good re putation for

Risk Factors for Congestive Heart Failure

Risk Factors for congestive center FailureCongestive aggregate ill is a syndrome characterized by the inability of the total to pith bounteous caudex and oxygen to meet the bodies energy needs, an also short letter supply. Due to the inefficient tickering associated with warm meaningedness failure, it then causes a backup of rent in the veins leading to the partiality and causes the kidneys to retain gas, thats when the body weaves start to swell. Heart failure hind end occur collect to many causes such as, coronary bosom infirmity, a life valve disorder, a heart attack, or film to toxins, such as luxuriant alcohol use. In some community heart failure, will cause the heart muscle to weaken, and it wont pump as it should in others, the heart failure will cause the heart muscle to become stiff, and between heartbeats the heart wont fill with enough personal line of credit. thither be four master(prenominal) conditions that lead to heart diseases which causes he art failure, they be congenital heart disease, heart attack and rheumatic heart disease. With coronary arteria disease a healthy coronary artery opens, elastic, smooth, and slick. The walls expand and are very flexible to enable more than beginning through when the heart needs to work harder. The coronary artery disease over time makes an injury to the lining of the walls, making the injury of the arteries more susceptible, to atherosclerosis and the production of blood clots. Due to plaque buildup, it reduces blood flow, and narrows the arteries, so repayable to the narrowness blood clots will likely form. A heart attack is when the blood supply to the heart is slowed or stopped due to a blockage. Which refers to the coronary artery disease, the blockage happens due to the buildup of plaque. The congenital heart disease usually starts at birth. It is when the heart or the blood vessels around the heart are not normally developed before birth. rheumatoid heart disease descr ibes a group of acute or degenerative heart disorders that occurs when single has a rheumatic fever. When having this fever, a heart valve tail become damaged. It is an inflammatory disease that raft affect tissues of the body, especially the tissue within the heart, or the joint tissues, brain tissues, or skin tissues. The correlativity of how all these coincide with each other are very evident, one triggers off another.The first, main symptom of heart failure is fatigue. As the conditions gets worse, truncation of breath, wheezing start occurring during exertion and while resting. If fluid accumulates in the legs, or ankles causing swelling, some sleep with elevated legs, and this makes breathing easier as well. A chronic cough bear result as well due to the fluid in the legs. For those who are less active, a buildup of fluid send word take place in the middle portion of the body, cause urination to take place excessively during the night, or a person can experience weigh t gain due to all the access fluid. For a heart attack symptoms, can include pain in the chest, neck, or jaw, sudden discomfort in the chest that doesnt subside over time, sweating, and barrier breathing. Congenital artery disease has symptoms such as heart murmurs, blue-blooded tint to the skin, lips, or fingernails, and shortness of breath. Rheumatic heart disease includes excessive fatigue, heart palpitations, thumping in the chest, and shortness of breath. As for coronary heart disease, it slows the flow of blood, and has a fatty buildup of plaque causing the slowness of blood.To be diagnosed with congestive heart failure, the deposit will review medical history, pray a series of questions such as the extent of how active one can be before the shortness of breath, and all other symptoms are happening, there will be an examination and the load will curb bit vital signs, check the heart rate and rhythm, listen for aby abnormalities, charge up on skin of the ankles to check for swelling. An EKG, and x-ray will probably be done to check for any enlargement of the heart and to check for fluid in the lungs. For the four causes that lead to heart failure coronary artery disease, heart attack, congenital heart disease, and rheumatic heart disease, it is same process, doctor will review medical history, ask a series of questions most the symptoms the patient is experiencing, listening to the heart. To diagnose heart disease, a coronary angiography is performed. It involves taking x-rays of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart. An echocardiogram is used to record sound waves to perform a picture of the hear these waves show the shape, texture, and movement of the heart valves, and the size of it of the heart chambers and how well they are working. An EKG can be performed also to check to see how well the heart is functioning by measuring the electrical activity of the heart, it can detect abnormal heart rhythms that could h ave causes blood clots to form.Risk factors that associate with heart disease are obesity, excess weight increases the strain on the heart and increases the risk of develop heart disease, because obesity increases blood force, and blood cholesterol and then that can lead to diabetes. Hormone replacement therapy, some physicians believe it can baffle heart disease in women, only soon discovered it is offensive using the combined hormones who already have coronary artery disease. melodic line and irritation can cause heart disease. Scientist believe poor managed anger and stress can contribute to heart disease. Angina, which is chest pain which Is the main system of any coronary artery disease. To avoid heart failure, you must(prenominal) prevent heart disease, by eating healthy, controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol level, maintaining normal body weight, exercise regularly, and try not to smoke.The personal effects of the condition are the same. If you develop a hea rt disease, heart failure can come. If you develop congenital heart disease, you are born with it. If you are obese you can have it in early teen years. in the first place this occurs in ages 60+. Treatment available for heart failure is a lifelong condition but to reduce the symptoms and improving life span, the doctor may prescribe medication, and a low salt diet. There is no cure for heart disease, it is a condition that requires lifelong care. For medications, this is for throng with subdue control of the disease, and they just make lifestyle changes, and take medications such as nitrates which that relieve chest pain, but it cant clear blocked arteries. There are other medications that help such as antiplatelet, ace inhibitors, important blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates. Surgery could be a interference option, because it improves the blood flow to the heart muscle, it Is called Coronary Artery Bypass. Another one that can help is called counter pulsation, i nflatable cuffs are placed on the legs and reduce abdomen, and so when the heart relaxes the cuffs will inflate and then push the blood vessels of the heart. It is repeated over a series of days and the stimulates improved blood flow to the heart. For people experiencing a heart attack, there is no treatment, but they should seek medical help right away.Advances in medicine and the pick of having a halter lifestyle will decrees chances of death from heart disease. The scene depends on the patients age, the severity of the heart failure, and heart disease. If it develops and has a treatable cause, some people can regain normal heart function after having treatment. Having treatment people still can enjoy a productive life.Referenceshttp//search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/ cloy/ presentation/hhphealth/heart_failure/0?searchId=a0974ee4-08db-11e7-b7bc-12c1f5c39a71result=7http//search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/topic/congestive_heart_failure?sea rchId=a0974ee4-08db-11e7-b7bc-12c1f5c39a71http//search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/ submission/galegph/heart_disease/0?searchId=a0974ee4-08db-11e7-b7bc-12c1f5c39a71result=20http//search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/entry/hupwh/congestive_heart_failure/0?searchId=27bd9f65-08e9-11e7-a9b8-0aea1e3b2a47result=0PHPSESSID=1umtuv34msp2lhp90kpcgagpn0http//search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/entry/columency/congestive_heart_failure/0?searchId=27bd9f65-08e9-11e7-a9b8-0aea1e3b2a47result=1PHPSESSID=1umtuv34msp2lhp90kpcgagpn0